GraphQL is a query language for APIs and a runtime for executing those queries by utilizing a type system you define for your data. It was developed by Facebook in 2012 and later open-sourced in 2015.

GraphQL enables clients to request only the data they need, which contrasts with traditional REST APIs where the server determines the shape and amount of data returned. With GraphQL, clients can specify the structure of the data they require, allowing for more efficient and flexible communication between clients and servers.

Key features of GraphQL include:

1. Hierarchical Structure: Clients can specify exactly what data they need in a nested structure, which is similar to the shape of the response they expect.

2. Strong Typing System: GraphQL APIs are based on a type system that allows clients to know in advance what data they can request and what shape it will have.

3. Single Endpoint: Unlike REST APIs which often have multiple endpoints, GraphQL typically exposes a single endpoint for all data operations.

4. Introspection: GraphQL APIs can be introspected, meaning clients can query the schema to discover what operations are possible.

Overall, GraphQL provides more flexibility, efficiency, and predictability in data fetching for client-server interactions compared to traditional RESTful APIs.

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